Tranexamic Acid Use for Hemorrhagic Events Prevention in Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Purpose: Analyze the impact of tranexamic acid (TXA) use after percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) on blood loss and transfusion rate (TR), and secondary outcomes, complications rate and stone-free rates (SFRs), operative time (OT), and length of hospital stay (LOS). Materials and Methods: Search made in the Medline (PubMed), Embase, and Central Cochrane for studies published up to August 2021. The study protocol was registered at prospective register of ongoing systematic reviews (CRD42020182197). Eligibility criteria were defined based on Patient, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes, Study Design acronym (PICOS). Articles included were those who assessed the effect of intravenous TXA in patients submitted to percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PCNL). Only randomized placebo-controlled trial that included patients with and without TXA perioperatively. Results: A total of 1151 patients were included in seven studies. Six studies presented a lower blood TR for the TXA group (p < 0.00001). Four studies presented similar results in relationship to a lower SFRs (p = 0.004) and similar results regarding overall complication rate for the control group (p = 0.03). Regarding the "major complication rate" (Clavien-Dindo ≥3), no difference was found (p = 0.07). Four studies showed a higher mean OT for the control group (159 × 151 minutes, respectively, p = 0.003). Six studies found a lower mean LOS in the TXA group (4.0 × 3.5 days, respectively, p = 0.03). Conclusions: The benefit of TXA use in the setting of PCNL perioperatively is clear. Our study showed favorable results to TXA use in relationship to TR, SFR, complication rate, OT, and LOS, but these results did not translate into a lower major complication rate. Further studies evaluating the complexity of the calculi and events unrelated to PCNL may help us select which patients will benefit from the use of TXA.

Prevalence and cost of surgical treatment for female stress urinary incontinence in Brazil: A comparison between abdominal and vaginal approaches.

OBJECTIVE: Report the progress of the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence (SUI) in Brazil through vaginal and abdominal approaches and the direct costs by hospitalisation, using DATASUS-a public entity of the Strategic and Participative Management Secretary of Health Ministry, with the responsibility of collecting, processing, and disseminating public health information. DESIGN: Epidemiological study using the Brazilian Public Health Data Center System (DATASUS). PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, AND METHODS: Data were collected on all hospital admissions associated with treatment from 2008 to 2019 from the DATASUS. We analysed the records of hospitalisations associated with an abdominal or vaginal surgical SUI treatment. RESULTS: The total number of procedures for the treatment of female SUI performed from 2008 to 2019 was 84.378, of which 70 238 were vaginal and 14 140 abdominal. There was an overall decrease in the number of SUI procedures in Brazil over the years analysed (F = 52.72; P < .0001); only exception was the South region (F = 1.38; P = .267). A declining trend was identified for the abdominal approach, with an increased trend of the vaginal approach (F = 170.11; P < .0001). A declining number of hospitalisation days was noted in the vaginal procedures (P = .002). Despite the fact that no differences were noted between abdominal and vaginal expenses (P = .054), hospital expenditure increased over the years for both vaginal and abdominal approaches, with no significant differences between either approaches. However, a statistically significant professional expenditure was observed in the abdominal approach (P < .001). Analysing hospitalisation and professional expenses, the total mean in the period was statistically higher for the abdominal approach (P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: The number of procedures to treat female SUI in Brazil has decreased from 2008 to 2019. Total financial expenditure per procedure and length of hospital stay were both higher for the abdominal approach (Burch colposuspension). A preference for a vaginal approach (pubovaginal sling or midurethral sling) has increased significantly since 2008, and our study favours this approach.

Impact of bariatric surgery in patients with stress urinary incontinence.

OBJECTIVE: To examine epidemiologic, anthropometric and clinical variables associated with stress urinary incontinence in obese women, before and after bariatric surgery, and to identify predictive factors of stress urinary incontinence resolution. METHODS: Prospective observational study with women enrolled in a bariatric surgery program between 2015 and 2016. Patients were assessed prior to and 6 months after bariatric surgery using the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Urinary Incontinence Short Form, the Patient Global Impression of Improvement and the Visual Analogue Scale. Patient assessment also included physical examination and bladder stress tests. RESULTS: A total of 43 women completed the study. There was a 72.7% reduction in stress urinary incontinence (p=0.021). Predictive factors for preoperative diagnosis of stress urinary incontinence included age (p=0.024) and abdominal waist circumference (p=0.048). Urinary symptoms improved after weight loss, especially nocturia (p=0.001) and stress urinary incontinence (p=0.026). Menopause was the most significant predictive factor for persistence of stress urinary incontinence within six months of bariatric surgery (p=0.046). Self-reported outcomes and scores obtained in the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Urinary Incontinence Short Form, the Patient Global Impression of Improvement and the Visual Analogue Scale were associated with significant improvement (p=0.012, p=0.025, and p=0.002 respectively). CONCLUSION: Older women with larger waist circumference have a higher risk of developing stress urinary incontinence prior to bariatric surgery. Menopausal women are highly prone to persistent stress urinary incontinence, even after weight loss. Weight loss achieved through bariatric surgery improved stress urinary incontinence symptoms and mitigated related impacts on quality of life in the vast majority of women.

Impact of bariatric surgery in patients with stress urinary incontinence / Impacto da cirurgia bariátrica em pacientes com incontinência urinária de esforço

ABSTRACT Objective: To examine epidemiologic, anthropometric and clinical variables associated with stress urinary incontinence in obese women, before and after bariatric surgery, and to identify predictive factors of stress urinary incontinence resolution. Methods: Prospective observational study with women enrolled in a bariatric surgery program between 2015 and 2016. Patients were assessed prior to and 6 months after bariatric surgery using the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Urinary Incontinence Short Form, the Patient Global Impression of Improvement and the Visual Analogue Scale. Patient assessment also included physical examination and bladder stress tests. Results: A total of 43 women completed the study. There was a 72.7% reduction in stress urinary incontinence (p=0.021). Predictive factors for preoperative diagnosis of stress urinary incontinence included age (p=0.024) and abdominal waist circumference (p=0.048). Urinary symptoms improved after weight loss, especially nocturia (p=0.001) and stress urinary incontinence (p=0.026). Menopause was the most significant predictive factor for persistence of stress urinary incontinence within six months of bariatric surgery (p=0.046). Self-reported outcomes and scores obtained in the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Urinary Incontinence Short Form, the Patient Global Impression of Improvement and the Visual Analogue Scale were associated with significant improvement (p=0.012, p=0.025, and p=0.002 respectively). Conclusion: Older women with larger waist circumference have a higher risk of developing stress urinary incontinence prior to bariatric surgery. Menopausal women are highly prone to persistent stress urinary incontinence, even after weight loss. Weight loss achieved through bariatric surgery improved stress urinary incontinence symptoms and mitigated related impacts on quality of life in the vast majority of women.

RESUMO Objetivo: Examinar as variáveis epidemiológicas, antropométricas e clínicas associadas à incontinência urinária de esforço em mulheres obesas antes e após a cirurgia bariátrica e identificar fatores preditivos da resolução desse tipo de incontinência. Métodos: Estudo observacional prospectivo com mulheres de um programa de cirurgia bariátrica, realizado entre 2015 e 2016. As pacientes responderam ao International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Urinary Incontinence Short Form, à Clinical Global Impression-Improvement e à Escala Visual Analógica, sendo submetidas ao exame físico e ao teste de incontinência antes e 6 meses após cirurgia bariátrica. Resultados: Completaram o estudo 43 mulheres. Houve redução de 72,7% na incontinência urinária de esforço (p=0,021). Fatores preditivos para o diagnóstico pré-operatório da incontinência urinária incluíram idade (p=0,024) e circunferência abdominal (p=0,048). Todos os sintomas urinários demonstraram melhora após perda de peso, notadamente noctúria (p=0,001) e incontinência urinária de esforço (p=0,026). A menopausa foi o fator mais crítico para predizer a persistência da incontinência urinária de esforço 6 meses após a cirurgia bariátrica (p=0,046). Os resultados relatados do International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Urinary Incontinence Short Form, da Patient Global Impression of Improvement e da Escala Visual Analógica tiveram melhora significativa (p=0,012, p=0,025, p=0,002, respectivamente). Conclusão: Mulheres idosas e com maior circunferência abdominal têm maior risco de desenvolver incontinência urinária de esforço antes da cirurgia. Mulheres na menopausa são fortemente propensas a persistir com a incontinência urinária de esforço, mesmo após a perda de peso. A perda de peso após a cirurgia bariátrica melhora os sintomas de incontinência urinária de esforço e seus impactos na qualidade de vida na maioria das mulheres.

Mortality after radical cystectomy is strongly related to the institution's volume of surgeries.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze mortality rates and hospitalization data after radical cystectomy in each public healthcare center in São Paulo in the last decade, considering the number of surgeries performed at each center. METHODS: This study included patients from the Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde from the state of São Paulo, who underwent radical cystectomy between 2008 and 2018. Data analyzed included organization name, number of procedures/year, in-hospital death rates and hospital length of stay. RESULTS: A total of 1,377 radical cystectomies were registered in the public health system in São Paulo, between 2008-2018. A total of 91 institutions performed at least one radical cystectomy in the decade analyzed. The number of radical cystectomies performed per organization during the years analyzed ranged from one to 161. Only 45.6% of patients were operated in organizations that performed more than five radical cystectomies yearly. A total of 684 patients were operated in organizations with higher surgical volume. There were 117 in-hospital deaths, representing an 8.5% mortality rate for the state of São Paulo during the last decade. Whereas highest volume organizations (>6 radical cystectomies/year) had a mortality rate of 6.1%, the lowest volume (<1 radical cystectomy /year) had a 17.5% in-hospital mortality rate. CONCLUSION: There was a strong relation between organization volume of radical cystectomy and in-hospital mortality rate after radical cystectomy in São Paulo from 2008-2018. Unfortunately, we could not observe a trend toward centralization of such complex procedures, as it has occurred in developed countries during the last decades.

Penile cancer trends and economic burden in the Brazilian public health system.

OBJECTIVE: To gather information on penile cancer epidemiologic trends and its economic impact on the Brazilian Public Health System across the last 25 years. METHODS: The Brazilian Public Health System database was used as the primary source of data from January 1992 to December 2017. Mortality and incidence data from the Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva was collected using the International Classification of Diseases ICD10 C60. Demographic data from the Brazilian population was obtained from the last census by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, performed in 2010 and its 2017 review. RESULTS: There were 9,743 hospital admissions related to penile cancer from 1992 to 2017. There was a reduction (36%) in the absolute number of admissions per year related to penile cancer in 2017, as compared to 1992 (2.7versus 1.7 per 100,000; p<0.001). The expenses with admissions related to this condition in this period were US$ 3,002,705.73 (US$ 115,488.68/year). Approximately 38% of the total amount was spent in Northeast Region. In 1992, penile cancer costed US$ 193,502.05 to the public health system, while in 2017, it reduced to US$ 47,078.66 (p<0.02). Penile cancer incidence in 2017 was 0.43/100,000 male Brazilian, with the highest incidence rate found in the Northeast Region. From 1992 to 2017, the mortality rates of penile cancer in Brazil were 0.38/100,000 man, and 0.50/100,000 man in the North Region. CONCLUSION: Despite the decrease in admissions, penile cancer still imposes a significant economic and social burden to the Brazilian population and the Public Health System.

Mortality after radical cystectomy is strongly related to the institution's volume of surgeries / Mortalidade pós-cistectomia radical está fortemente associada ao volume de cirurgias da instituição

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze mortality rates and hospitalization data after radical cystectomy in each public healthcare center in São Paulo in the last decade, considering the number of surgeries performed at each center. Methods: This study included patients from the Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde from the state of São Paulo, who underwent radical cystectomy between 2008 and 2018. Data analyzed included organization name, number of procedures/year, in-hospital death rates and hospital length of stay. Results: A total of 1,377 radical cystectomies were registered in the public health system in São Paulo, between 2008-2018. A total of 91 institutions performed at least one radical cystectomy in the decade analyzed. The number of radical cystectomies performed per organization during the years analyzed ranged from one to 161. Only 45.6% of patients were operated in organizations that performed more than five radical cystectomies yearly. A total of 684 patients were operated in organizations with higher surgical volume. There were 117 in-hospital deaths, representing an 8.5% mortality rate for the state of São Paulo during the last decade. Whereas highest volume organizations (>6 radical cystectomies/year) had a mortality rate of 6.1%, the lowest volume (<1 radical cystectomy /year) had a 17.5% in-hospital mortality rate. Conclusion: There was a strong relation between organization volume of radical cystectomy and in-hospital mortality rate after radical cystectomy in São Paulo from 2008-2018. Unfortunately, we could not observe a trend toward centralization of such complex procedures, as it has occurred in developed countries during the last decades.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar as taxas de mortalidade e os dados de hospitalização após cistectomia radical em cada unidade pública de saúde de São Paulo na última década, levando em conta o número de cirurgias realizadas por unidade. Métodos: Este estudo incluiu pacientes do Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde de São Paulo submetidos à cistectomia radical entre 2008 e 2018. Os dados analisados incluíram o nome da instituição, o número de procedimentos/ano, taxas de mortalidade hospitalar e tempo de internação hospitalar. Resultados: Foram registrados 1.377 cistectomias radicais no sistema público de saúde de São Paulo no período. Um total de 91 instituições realizou pelo menos uma cirurgia na década analisada. O número de cistectomias realizadas por instituição durante os anos analisados variou de uma a 161. Apenas 45,6% dos pacientes foram operados em instituições com volume cirúrgico maior do que cinco cistectomias radicais/ano. Ao todo, 684 pacientes foram operados em instituições com maior volume cirúrgico. Houve 117 óbitos hospitalares, representando taxa de mortalidade de 8,5% para o estado de São Paulo na última década. Enquanto instituições com o maior volume (seis cistectomias radicais/ano) apresentaram mortalidade de 6,1%, as instituições com menor volume (<1 cistectomia radical/ano) apresentaram taxa de mortalidade de 17,5%. Conclusão: Houve forte relação entre o volume institucional de cistectomia radical e a taxa de mortalidade hospitalar após cistectomia radical em São Paulo, no período de 2008 a 2018. Infelizmente, não se observa no Brasil tendência de centralização de procedimentos complexos, como tem ocorrido em países desenvolvidos nas últimas décadas.

Penile cancer trends and economic burden in the Brazilian public health system / Tendências e carga econômica do câncer de pênis no sistema público de saúde brasileiro

ABSTRACT Objective: To gather information on penile cancer epidemiologic trends and its economic impact on the Brazilian Public Health System across the last 25 years. Methods: The Brazilian Public Health System database was used as the primary source of data from January 1992 to December 2017. Mortality and incidence data from the Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva was collected using the International Classification of Diseases ICD10 C60. Demographic data from the Brazilian population was obtained from the last census by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, performed in 2010 and its 2017 review. Results: There were 9,743 hospital admissions related to penile cancer from 1992 to 2017. There was a reduction (36%) in the absolute number of admissions per year related to penile cancer in 2017, as compared to 1992 (2.7versus 1.7 per 100,000; p<0.001). The expenses with admissions related to this condition in this period were US$ 3,002,705.73 (US$ 115,488.68/year). Approximately 38% of the total amount was spent in Northeast Region. In 1992, penile cancer costed US$ 193,502.05 to the public health system, while in 2017, it reduced to US$ 47,078.66 (p<0.02). Penile cancer incidence in 2017 was 0.43/100,000 male Brazilian, with the highest incidence rate found in the Northeast Region. From 1992 to 2017, the mortality rates of penile cancer in Brazil were 0.38/100,000 man, and 0.50/100,000 man in the North Region. Conclusion: Despite the decrease in admissions, penile cancer still imposes a significant economic and social burden to the Brazilian population and the Public Health System.

RESUMO Objetivo: Reunir informações sobre as tendências epidemiológicas do câncer de pênis e seu impacto econômico no Sistema Único de Saúde nos últimos 25 anos. Métodos: O banco de dados de informações do Sistema Único de Saúde foi utilizado como fonte primária de dados de janeiro 1992 a dezembro 2017. Os dados demortalidade e incidência do Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva foram coletados usando a Classificação Internacional de Doença CID10 C60. Os dados demográficos da população brasileira foram obtidos do último censo do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, realizado em 2010, e em sua revisão, de 2017. Resultados: Ocorreram 9.743 internações relacionadas ao câncer de pênis de 1992 a 2017. Houve redução (36%) nas internações anuais absolutas em 2017 em comparação com 1992 (2,7 versus 1,7 por 100.000; p<0,001). Os gastos com internações neste período foram de US$ 3,002,705.73 (US$ 115,488.68/ano). Cerca de 38% do valor total foi gasto na Região Nordeste. Em 1992, o câncer de pênis custou US$ 193,502.05 ao sistema público, enquanto em 2017 reduziu para US$ 47,078.66 (p<0,02). A incidência em 2017 foi de 0,43/100.000 brasileiro do sexo masculino, com a maior taxa de incidência encontrada na Região Nordeste. De 1992 a 2017, as taxas de mortalidade por câncer de pênis foram de 0,38/100.000 homem, sendo 0,50/100.000 homem na Região Norte. Conclusão: Apesar da diminuição nas hospitalizações, o câncer de pênis ainda impõe uma carga econômica e social significativa à população brasileira e ao Sistema Único de Saúde.

Torção ovariana / Ovarian torsion

Torção ovariana é definida como a rotação parcial ou total do pedículo vascular ovarianoque promove estase circulatória, inicialmente venosa, e que se torna arterial com aprogressão da torção e do edema resultante. Sua manifestação clínica é inespecífica eassemelha-se às do abdômen agudo, o que pode levar à demora em sua identificação.A realização tardia do diagnóstico pode ocasionar a perda da tuba uterina, do ovário,ou de ambos com consequente infertilidade. O tratamento é cirúrgico.

Ovarian torsion is defined as a partial or complete rotation of the ovarian vascularpedicle promoting circulatory stasis that is initially venous and becomes arterial with theprogression of twisting and resultant edema. The nonspecific symptoms similar to acuteabdomen may lead to delay in its identification. Delayed diagnosis may lead to the loss ofa fallopian tube, ovary, or both, with consequent infertility. The treatment is surgical.

Histerectomia de emergência em primigesta de 15 anos de idade por hemorragia no pós-parto / Emergency hysterectomy in primigravida of 15 years old for postpartum haemorrhage

A hemorragia pós-parto é responsável por quase um quarto de todas as mortes maternas no mundo, além de constituir importante causa de morbidade puerperal e seqüelas maternas. Os principais fatores de risco são a atonia uterina, retenção de tecidos ovulares e placentários, traumas obstétricos e coagulopatias. A atonia uterina é a causa mais comum, sendo tratada com massagem uterina e vários agentes uterotônicos e, na sua falha, com intervenções cirúrgicas como a histerectomia. Relata-se a evolução de primigesta de 15 anos de idade submetida à histerectomia de emergência devido à hemorragia pós-parto não controlada com medidas conservadoras.

The postpartum hemorrhage is responsible for almost one quarter of all maternal deaths in the world, besides being an important cause of morbidity, perinatal and maternal sequelae. The main risk factors are uterine atony, retained placental and ovular tissues, obstetric trauma and coagulopathy. The uterine atony is the most common cause, being treated with uterine massage and various uterotonic agents, and the failure of those, with surgeries such as hysterectomy. This article presents a case of a primigravida of 15 years who underwent an emergency hysterectomy due to postpartum hemorrhage not controlled with conservative measures.